Juyin Halitta na Tarihi Na Kayan Lantarki da Microcircuits

Tarihin haɓaka kayan lantarki da microcircuits wani almara ne na fasaha na ci gaba da tura ɗan adam sama da iyakokin jiki, yana neman ƙarami da babban aiki. Za a iya gano asalinsa tun farkon ƙarni na 20, lokacin da ƙirƙirar bututun mai ya nuna alamar haifuwar na'urorin lantarki. Fleming ya kirkiro diode a 1904, sannan De Forest ya inganta triode a 1906, ya kafa harsashin haɓakawa na lantarki da sarrafa sigina. Koyaya, girman kai, yawan amfani da makamashi, da rashin ƙarfi na bututun injin ya sa masana kimiyya su nemi ƙarin amintattun hanyoyin.

A tsakiyar karni na 20, nasarorin da aka samu a cikin kayan semiconductor sun canza fasahar lantarki. A cikin 1947, Shockley, Bardeen, da Brattain a Bell Labs sun ƙirƙira transistor, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirƙira wanda ya ba da damar rage ƙarancin na'urorin lantarki. Daga bisani, Jack Kilby da Robert Noyce suka gabatar da manufar haɗakar da'ira (IC) da kansa a cikin 1958, kuma an yi ciniki a cikin 1959. Microcircuits sun haɗa transistor da yawa akan guntun silicon guda ɗaya, yana haɓaka aiki sosai da rage farashi.

A cikin 1970s, zuwan Dokar Moore ta annabta girman girman girma a cikin adadin transistor akan haɗaɗɗun da'irori, yana haifar da saurin haɓaka fasahar microelectronics. Ci gaban photolithography ya ba da damar tsarin sarrafa guntu don motsawa daga micron zuwa ma'aunin nanometer, yana haifar da haɓakar kwamfutoci na sirri, sadarwar wayar hannu, da intanet. Shiga cikin karni na 21, sabbin abubuwa kamar carbon nanotubes, guda biyu{4}}kayan girma (kamar graphene), da ɗigon ƙima don na'urorin lantarki na gaba{5}, yayin da marufi na 3D da fasahohin haɗin kai iri-iri sun ƙara ingiza iyakokin ayyukan microcircuits.

Daga bututu zuwa nanoscale kwakwalwan kwamfuta, juyin halittar kayan lantarki da microcircuits ba wai kawai ya sake fasalin fasahar zamani ba har ma ya yi tasiri sosai yadda muke aiki da rayuwa. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba a kimiyyar kayan aiki da fasahar kera, na'urorin lantarki za su ci gaba da tafiya zuwa mafi inganci da hankali.